Aspirational Framework Strategic Human Resource Management

Question: Examine about the Aspirational Framework for Strategic Human Resource Management. Answer: Presentation This examination manages talking about on how Human Resource Management makes contrast by increasing the value of Business Organization (Story 2014). If there should be an occurrence of organizations, it considers workers with increasing important resources just as human asset has outrageous worth. As it were, Human Resource Manager has faith in propelling representatives with the goal that worker accomplishes top execution. Expansion to that, HR Manager keeps up hierarchical culture with high confidence of laborers. Key Human Resource Management considers as a noticeable view for understanding the job of useful regions for working just as creating solid association. In the ongoing scene, financial instability just as vulnerability increases understanding in each part of business focuses on reevaluating for its incentive for making and supporting beneficial development (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). At the end of the day, Adding Legitimacy go about as wariness towards new advanc es empowering mechanization of given routine exchanges just as off shoring and shared assistance association Human asset the board having gigantic effect by increasing the value of an association From the article Adding Value through Integration and Involvement, it significantly investigates advantage of HRM in official conclusion making process (Purce 2014). In this specific writing audit, it gives significant consideration dedicated towards differing jobs just as exercises of HRM in dynamic procedure. As such, incorporated model for supervisors discernments in regards to profit of HRM dependent on meet from HR Directors, Top Managers and Line Managers. This model licenses profiling HR work by utilizing two factors. It includes HR jobs by advantage just as HR positions concerning level of inclusion in official conclusion making process (Oke 2016). From the previous decade, the greater part of the association makes procedures in expanding serious weight (Mathis et al. 2016). This implies escalated worldwide rivalry underscoring on more slow development just as declining markets compelling organizations in diminishing expenses just as increases the value of the individuals, procedure and structure. At the end of the day, new serious the truth is looked by significant association approaching various capacities (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). Question emerges on why association points in increasing the value of its customers, representatives and speculators. Human Resource Management considers as significant capacities relying on the formative just as usage of vital reactions with respect to the weights (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Conveying Value through Strategic Human Resource Management As indicated by Story (2014), Strategic Human Resource Management joins with Human Resource Management in associating vital objectives just as goal for improving business execution and creating hierarchical societies for cultivating development and adaptability. At the end of the day, these specific definition high differences in wording like back office, cost focus just as inner specialists and bolster exercises for portraying the HR work (Buller and McEvoy 2012). Story (2014) recognizes three drivers territories whereby Human Resource Management conveys an incentive for the association. Thos uncovers relative significance with respect to this advantage varying from the given regions. The fundamental advantage of Human Resource Management put under the key space, for example, pay arrangements, Executive Development just as progression arranging and contending in a compelling manner. Despite what might be expected, HR-administrations include enrollment, preparing just as execution the executives and progression arranging (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Oke (2016) gives one of a kind model to including estimation of Human Resource Management. It builds up significant four jobs for Human Resource Professional in four came about spaces. From the above introduced figure, two tomahawks demonstrate center just as exercises of Human Resource Professional. Concentrate significantly runs beginning from present moment or operational to long haul to vital (Bennett and Ho 2014). This implies Human Resource Professionals should be operational and vital in nature. There are different exercises going from overseeing procedure, for example, HR apparatuses just as frameworks for overseeing individuals in a powerful manner. The subsequent tomahawks portray constitution of significance in Spencer Model concentrating on select HR process. In this way, mix of both the tomahawks results significantly on representing jobs, for example, the executives of vital HR, representative administration just as the board of organization and transformational change (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The over four jobs portrays as the four-result areas where Human Resource the executives help in making an incentive for given business association (Alfes et al. 2013). At the end of the day, Management of Strategic Human Resources includes exercises building up adjusting of HRM just as business methodology. Change Management includes association having the capacity for acquiring change the association whereby the board of worker commitment like tuning in and reacting to representatives (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Individuals and Performance Organizations are significantly coming out with good judgment of comprehension whereby Human Resources Manager makes do with key connection towards accomplishing organization achievement, for example, individuals and execution (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). At the end of the day, long haul accomplishment just as budgetary execution of any association relates with gifts just as inspiration and individuals achievements simultaneously. In the majority of the cases, individuals make just as sell items, working with clients and teaming up for official conclusion making process. In this way, one of the essential way represents where Human Resources increases the value of a business with the assistance of advancing connection just as preparing workers. This is by remunerating solid performing representatives at the hour of working at work environment (Buller and McEvoy 2012). Ability Acquisition and Retention It is imperative to comprehend the way that ability and holding of top ability representatives considers as principle establishment of high-performing organizations (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). As it were, Hr is to a great extent dependable in method of working just as dealing with the frameworks enrolling, drawing in and maintenance of best representatives. This includes building up solid occupation structures just as recruiting of right representatives for coordinating exercises. In this manner, these viewpoints help in building solid talking just as screening process in developing inspiration pay programs (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Lawful Protection Lawful Protection considers as one of the significant path for HR for including an incentive with the assistance of lawful assurance from segregation just as illegitimate end claims. At the end of the day, HR experts ought to consistently accelerate exercises particularly on representative laws just as teaching Executives and Managers. This assistance in planning employing exercises just as limited time frameworks for advancement reasonableness and equity (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013).. Inquiries questions primarily adjust explicitly towards work like limiting dangers in a segregation guarantee. Along these lines, this component of HR can be effectively significant at differing working environment. Arranging In the event of proactive measures, HR techniques will help in attempted receptive reactions in lining up with business condition (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). Also, Human Resource Professionals assumes significant job particularly in arranging exercises. A large portion of the HR Directors fills in as significant job on organization supervisory groups just as taking an interest in key arranging activities (Buller and McEvoy 2012). This includes appraisal in understanding organization qualities, shortcoming just as circumstances and dangers. In this manner, Human Resource Participants contributes towards current view just as future desires for individuals and requirements of assets. It significantly talk about on the pay just as preparing changes towards investigating on the developing open doors just as dangers simultaneously. The longing to get key investigation installed in the HR Departments. This significantly implies arrangement of increasing proficient information just as aptitudes in method of working with supervisors for acquiring improvement an association. At the end of the day, it implies including an incentive for centering the psyche in regards to the result of HR commitment (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Advantage of HR Department conveys values relying on the significant issue winning in the business association. Late association renders significant accentuation upon adaptability just as advancement and creation as key issues for ultimate choice creation process. In the man key procedure, HR Department influences legitimate dynamic procedure after fuse Strategic Human Resource Management in numerous speculations. The speculations render ramifications of working of Human Resource Professional who are liable for overseeing individuals in the most fitting manner. End From the above examination, it has been noticed that Human Resource Management sees as a principle accomplices in and inside business association. Including estimation of HR work shifts to a great extent among different organizations. In one of the article, it plates on How workforce examination give positive measure influencing the Human Resource exercises. Before estimating the advantage of HR, it is critical to characterize the genuine importance of articulation. Hence, it is characterized as estimating the advantage of HR. In the initial step, it is prescribed not to receive all the conceivable alternative accessible. Or maybe, it is dependable in deciding the needs subsequent to recognizing which are the partners who are deliberately significant in different cases. It will help in including esteems as characterizing the idea of significant worth or on the off chance that profit by HR activities. This assistance in e

The Connections between Holden Caulfields Problems free essay sample

Sara Prusik Mrs. Speedy English 11 6 November 2009 Ties to Holden’s Problems â€Å"I wanted to leap out the window. I presumably wouldve, as well, if Id been certain somebodyd spread me up when I landed. I didnt need a lot of idiotic rubbernecks taking a gander at me when I was all gory† (104). Holden is an intricate character with blended feelings about everything; ordinarily negating his own contemplations and convictions. Holden’s battles are because of the absence of parental consideration, the demise of his more youthful sibling, and his strange associations with different characters in the novel, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye. â€Å"My guardians would have around two hemorrhages each on the off chance that I educated anything entirely close to home regarding them† (1). Battles in Holden’s life reflect toward the absence of parental nearness in his life; in the novel the parental nonattendance takes Holden to a practically psychotic condition o f mindful. We will compose a custom exposition test on The Connections between Holden Caulfields Problems or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Holden continues to be worried about all issues of his life, and in an undesirable methodology. During the novel Holden builds up a social clumsiness as he endeavors to associate with others. If Holden somehow happened to have a more beneficial connection with his folks he could have a superior since of an inspirational standpoint, less dread about turning into a grown-up and the duties that follow. Holden’s issues are additionally exacerbated on account of the loss of his dearest sibling Allie, because of leukemia. The passing of his more youthful sibling is such a misfortune to Holden; he quits thinking about himself and looses want to push ahead in his own life. As Holden becomes overpowered with contemplations of Allie; he wants to assume liability for sparing youngsters like in Robert Burns’ sonnet. Holden feels responsible for Allie’s passing, and needs to spare kids from agony and languishing like how he needed over his sibling. Mr. Stradlater doles out a basic paper depicting the nuts and bolts of a room or a house, however all Holden could ponder is his affectionate recollections of Allie’s beautiful mitt. Holden expounds in detail on the amount he cherishes and appreciates his perished sibling. Afterward, as noted in part 22 Holden’s conversation with his sister drives them into a contention about Holden’s loss of intrigue and confidence in pretty much everything. Holden can't deny this to his sister. Phoebe proceeds to recommend that Holden needs to understand that their sibling is dead and there is no returning. Holden has issues conceding his actual emotions and can't get over the loss of his sibling. This is the genuine characters of the book. Holden’s surprising connections all through the story cause him yet considerably further issues. Holden chooses to recruit a whore. This turns into an issue for Holden on the grounds that he is always unable to interface with her in any case. He goes through the night conversing with her pretty much the entirety of his issues. He pays her the cash however she requests more, this at last winds up with Holden getting injured by her pimp. Another irksome circumstance happens when Holden becomes companions with an outsider on the train; the more interesting ends up being the mother of a schoolmate whom he loathes. The boy’s name is Earnest and he has a notoriety at Pency Prep of being disliked which his mom is as of now expected. Holden then proceeds to lie and persuade the mother that her child is the most famous understudy in school. To Earnest’s mother Holden presents himself as Rudolph, giving her the name of the janitor at school, and lies further about his thinking for leaving Pency Prep early expressing he has a tumor. This circumstance is inconvenient for Holden on the grounds that he keeps on carrying on with his life brimming with lies. He never takes ownership of the real world and any of his obligations. Circumstances like these pulls Holden further away from responsibility and development and closer to his discouraging dreamland in which he lives. Holden’s failure to keep up sound connections is pulverizing to his effectively powerless character. â€Å"The Cather in the Rye† is a story pressed loaded with issues that are made by hero Holden. His difficulties start in his adolescence with a poor feeling of self. He turns into a forever temperamental and youthful kid who is shouting out for consideration because of absence of parental consideration. Holden’s quandaries are likewise exacerbated by the unforeseen disease and passing of his exceptionally close sibling. This is destroying to Holden which drives him to turn crazy bringing him down a way of implosion and forlornness. The injury and disregard in Holden’s life starting as a small kid makes the failure to create ordinary social stills prompting a remarkable public activity. Because of his absence of parental consideration, the passing of his sibling, and his abnormal associations with others; Holden is driven into a condition of madness in view of inability to concede his deficiencies.

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Peter L. Rodriguez, UVA Darden School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Peter L. Rodriguez, UVA Darden School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose a business school. However, the educational experience you will have  is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Peter L. Rodriguez  from the University of Virginia (UVA) Darden School of Business. Peter L. Rodriguez  is an expert in the areas of international business, trade, and economic development, with a focus on corruption. He has used his PhD in economics from Princeton University to study investingâ€"co-editing the book  Angel Investing in Latin America  (Darden Business Publishing, 2005)â€"and he is currently Darden’s senior associate dean for degree programs and chief diversity officer as well as an associate professor of business administration. In 2009, Rodriguez received an award for outstanding teaching at Darden, and in 2007, he won the school’s John Colley Award, which recognizes those who perpetuate Darden’s tradition of close interactions between professors and students. He has written several cases for Darden on topics ranging from the recent economic difficulties in the United States, to financial challenges emerging in Vietnam, to the effects of corruption and the economic impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Because of his personal interest in business developments in Latin America and Africa, Rodriguez has both planned and participated in Global Business Experiences (courses in which students travel to countries outside the United States to explore the culture and business environment there firsthand for several weeks) taking place in those areas. Students with whom we spoke view Rodriguez, known to many as simply “P-Rod,” as a very caring professor who pays special attention to each student, asking about their families and remembering their concerns. One second year told  us Rodriguez is “one of the most loved professors [at Darden].” And an alumnus with whom we spoke described him as “very funny, very articulate, not dry” but added that “he asks tough questions.” This graduate also noted that Rodriguez is very patient with students, helping each to probe deeply for answers and thereby guiding them to deeper insights. “He fills the room with kinetic energy when he walks in,” said an alumna we interviewed. “He understands who gets it and who doesn’t.” For more information about UVA Darden and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Virginia (Darden) Blog Archive Professor Profiles Peter L. Rodriguez, UVA Darden School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they choose an MBA program, but the educational experience you will have is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Peter L. Rodriguez  from the University of Virginia (UVA) Darden School of Business. Peter L. Rodriguez  is an expert in the areas of international business, trade, and economic development, with a focus on corruption. He has used his PhD in economics from Princeton University to study investingâ€"co editing the book  Angel Investing in Latin America  (Darden Business Publishing, 2005)â€"and is currently Darden’s senior associate dean for degree programs and chief diversity officer as well as an associate professor of business administration. In 2008, Rodriguez received an award for outstanding teaching at Darden, and in 2007, he won the school’s John Colley Award, which recognizes those who perpetuate Darden’s tradition of close interactions between professors and students. He has written seven cases for Darden on topics ranging from the recent economic difficulties in the United States to financial challenges emerging in Vietnam to the effects of corruption and the economic impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Because of his personal interest in business de velopments in Latin America and Africa, Rodriguez has both planned and participated in Global Business Experiences (courses in which students travel to countries outside the United States to explore the culture and business environment there firsthand for several weeks) to countries in those areas. Students with whom we spoke view Rodriguez, known to many as simply “P-Rod,” as a very caring professor who pays special attention to each student, asking about their families and remembering their concerns. One second year described him to us as “one of the most loved professors [at Darden].” And an alumnus with whom we spoke described Rodriguez as “very funny, very articulate, not dry” but added that “he asks tough questions.” This graduate also noted that Rodriguez is very patient with students, helping each to probe deeply for answers and thereby guiding them to deeper insights. “He fills the room with kinetic energy when he walks in,” said an alumna we interviewed. “He understands who gets it and who doesn’t.” For more information about UVA Darden and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Professor Profiles University of Virginia (Darden)

Ginsberg’s Affinities with Whitman - 852 Words

Century apart, Allen Ginsberg and Walt Whitman share similar cultural, political and moral values, which they express in their literary work. Whitman’s writing is considered controversial for the eighteen hundreds. He sets the stage for generations to come breaking way from the strict Victorian poetic tradition by writing in free verse. Ginsberg follows his footsteps when composing his poem â€Å"Howl† by writing in long lines almost resembling prose and subdividing the poem into several parts. Likewise, he uses numerous repetitions to achieve rhythmicity of his verse. Ginsberg’s poem is heavily influenced by Whitman’s philosophy. The works â€Å"Song of myself† and â€Å"Howl† are similar in ideas, structure and underling themes. The two authors protest against old traditions imposed on the individual by corrupt society, stand against conformity and put emphasis on the need for change. They identify with their generation and dwell on theme s such as sexuality, religion and the state of American society. Whitman has a philosophical approach about religion, religion practices and the journey of the soul. He uses the imagery of nature and other every day attributes to question life beyond death, rebirth and the unison of individual and nature. He is not afraid to die and admits .... there is really no death, /and if ever there was it led toward life (Whitman line†¦. )He finds the Devine power in nature and everything around him rather that in the altar of a church, which

Saline Instillation Down The Endotracheal Tube - 1533 Words

ABSTRACT Saline instillation down the endotracheal tube or tracheotomy to aid in secretion removal is a common practice in the intensive care unit (ICU). Normal saline instillation is used to decrease the viscosity of mucous in order to mobilize secretions and aid in suctioning mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units. Many respiratory therapists and nurses are currently using saline with endotracheal suctioning without an adequate knowledge of any existing evidence-based research or recommendation to guide the practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate and determine whether saline instillation for bronchial hygiene was beneficial or harmful to the patients and to provide evidence-based guidelines to be followed by healthcare providers in the intensive care units. This is a comprehensive review from the already researched articles on the use of saline instillation down the endotracheal tube for the purpose of mobilizing secretions and suctioning mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care units (ICU). Databases such as PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Medline were utilized for the review of literature. Keywords: Normal saline, Endotracheal, Tracheostomy, ARDS, Meconium Aspiration, Pneumonia, VAP, Bronchiolitis, Chest Physiotherapy, Intubated, Mechanical ventilation, Bronchoscopy, Bronchoalveolar Lavage INTRODUCTION This paper examines the practice and the usage of endotracheal normal saline instillation prior to suctioning in order toShow MoreRelatedVentilator Associated Pneumonia7706 Words   |  31 PagesClinical Pulmonary Infection Score and the data were collected using a structured knowledge questionnaire and practice questionnaire. Sample and sampling technique: Study samples includes, patients put on mechanical ventilator either through endotracheal tube or tracheostomy for minimum duratio n of 48 hours of intubation in the ICUs and staff nurses working in ICUs and Emergency, using convience sampling technique. Result: The results of the study revealed that out of 8 mechanically ventilated

Analysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 1244 Words

In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler discovers a fork in the road, and after thorough examination of both paths in the â€Å"yellow wood† he chooses one to proceed on (1). The speaker intended to save the other road for another day of traveling; however, he knew that his path in life would drift far away, preventing him from ever returning to the other road. When the future arrives, the speaker plans to tell of his travels, and alter the truth by explaining that the path he chose was less worn by previous travelers. The extended metaphor of the poem is â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood†, the roads represent the different paths a person can take in life, and the woods represent life as a whole. Therefore, the message presented†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the path the he decided upon visually seemed to be not as heavily used for travel; although, after reconsideration the man realizes that both paths were realistically equ al. The traveler desired to choose the path that was less traveled; however, neither route in the woods was able to be distinguished as the one that was voyaged on the least. The traveler intends to revisit the place where the road diverges into two, but in his mind he is aware that he will never be presented with the same opportunity again. Therefore, it was wishful thinking of the traveler to believe that he had traveled on the path that was less traveled, and he planned to justify his choice with the original descriptions that he shared with the reader. Overall, the imagery in the poem executes the idea that it is a behavioral trait of humankind to prove that a past decision was valid because the two passageways are depicted differently through vivid language, but the traveler later states that the roads â€Å"equally lay† in his presence. Repetition is used throughout the poem to orchestrate the idea that it is a psychological characteristic of humans to substantiate the former selection of specific options. At the start of the written piece â€Å"And† is a word repeated at the beginning of several lines to emphasize the how the traveler spent his time evaluating each of his options (2,3,4). In addition, it demonstrates how the traveler is â€Å"sorry†Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe analysis of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has been up for debate since the poem release in 1916. It is known to be one of the most frequently misinterpreted poems of all time, and even Robert Frost himself has said the poem is â€Å"tricky† to comprehend (The). When analyzing this poem many readers tend to focus only on the last lines of the poem and get caught in a trap of selective-interpretation. Quite a few people after reading Robert Frost’s poem firmly conclude that this poem is aboutRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost Analysis1475 Words   |  6 Pa gesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, is a poem that has many meanings depending on the reader. The poem was published in 1916 and it is a very interesting poem. It’s a fairly short poem consisting of only 20 lines, and it is full of metaphors and imagery and it has many ways that it can be interpreted. The poem’s use of imagery leaves the reader trying to figure out what Frost meant when he wrote the poem. Since it is a poem, it generally has no correct way to interpret it, but it usuallyRead More Analysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essays860 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost ?The Road Not Taken? (1916) tells of someone faced with two of life?s decisions however only one can be chosen. Whichever road is taken will be final and will determine the direction that their life takes. Frost drives this poem by a calm and collective narrative, spoken by the traveler of the diverged roads. Who is speaking with himself trying to convince himself of which road is the better choice. Frost wrote this poem using standard, modern languageRead MoreAnalysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesThesis Robert Frosts â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is more symbolic of a choice one must make in their life in attempt to foresee the outcome before reaching the end, than it is about choosing the right path in the woods. Describe the literal scene and situation. The literal scene of Robert Frost’s â€Å"The Road Not Taken, is described as a â€Å"yellowed wood† (Arp Johnson, 2009). Use of this description could be that fall is upon the wood or the trees perhaps once white have yellowed with age. Before theRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost: An Analysis811 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Introduction On the surface of it, The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost presents a narrator who is remembering a journey through the woods, and the person making this journey came into a position where two roads were diverging. So the challenge presented in the poem is, which road should the narrator take, and why? Frost claimed that his poem was a parody of a poem by his friend, poet Edward Thomas, but others have had very different explanations for The Road NotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost803 Words   |  4 Pages Poetry And I The poem The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost relates to my personal life because both the narrator and I had to make a decision. My decision was having to chose between playing volleyball or football in fifth grade. I thought about my previous experiences in both sports. I was a decent player in volleyball and I wanted to get the â€Å"All Sports Award† that our school awards to eighth graders who participated in all of the sports that St. Dominic offers; however, St. Dominic did not offerRead MoreEssay Analysis of The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost854 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Robert Frost poem ‘’The Road Not Taken’’ there is a pervasive and in many ways intrinsic sense of journey throughout. In such, the poem explores an aspect associated with human decision, or indecision, relative to the oxymoron, that choices with the least the difference should bear the most indifference, but realistically, carry the most difficulty. This is conveyed throug h the use of several pivotal techniques. Where the first such instance is the use of an extended metaphor, where the poemRead MoreAnalysis OfThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost1011 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, a renowned American poet, is regarded as one of the most influential and successful poets of the twentieth century. Frost’s popularity is derived most notably from the colloquial, descriptive language he uses in his poems and the impactful themes he portrays throughout them. The popularity of Frost’s poems also emerges from the interest that is sparked by his ability to â€Å"fool† the reader and hide the true meaning behind his words. One of the most acknowledged of Frost’s poems is â€Å"TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Gow Will Be The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1020 Words   |  5 Pagesand spiritual. So, the question is, does self-discovery only work within an individual or can it be influenced by others around us? Morning, teachers and fellow class mates. My prescribed related text to away by Michael gow will be the road not taken by Robert frost. Away explores the concept of self-discovery and transformation through the characters as they change. By encountering a physical journey, it provides the character with new perspective on life and an understanding attitude away fromRead MoreRobert Frost s Writing Style1589 Words   |  7 Pages Robert Frost once said, â€Å"The figure a poem makes. It begins in delight and ends in wisdom... in a clarification of life - not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are founded on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (Robert Frost Quotes). This same kind of thinking opened the door for metaphorical poetry that helped to show the poets transparency. His love for the social outcast and the struggles of his life are exhibited greatly in his poems. Robert Frost helped

Financial Accounting and Reporting Investment Property

Question: Describe about the Report for Financial Accounting and Reporting for Investment Property. Answer: 1: Report of Plant, Property and Equipment in the consolidated balance sheet statement The plant and equipment is mentioned under the non-current assets of the consolidated balance sheet declared in the annual report of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited. The plant and equipment of the company is registered to be $176208000 during the year 2015 (Annualreports.com. 2016). However, the financial declarations of the corporation JB Hi-Fi Limited is prepared and presented using the historical cost convention barring certain financial assets and liabilities as well as certain specific categories of the plant and equipment. The plant and equipments considered under the finance leases are essentially mentioned at cost after deduction of the accumulated depreciation as well as impairment. The cost for the plant and equipment mainly comprises of the expenditures that is directly associated to the cost of acquisition of the particular item (Deegan 2012). However, at the time of settlement, all or else the parts of the purchase concern is deferred and the cost is determined by discounti ng the total amount that is essentially payable in the future period. As per the financial reports of the company, the depreciation is enumerated on different plant and equipment as well as leasehold augmentations. As such, the items of the plant and equipment are essentially derecognized at the time of disposal (Annualreports.com. 2016). Total carrying amount for plant, property and equipment at the end of the reporting period The carrying amount indicates the total amount at which a particular asset can be identified after deduction of the overall accumulated depreciation as well as accumulated losses for impairment. In other words, it can be said that the carrying amount of the plant and equipment comprises of the cost of replacement of a part of a particular item at the time when the cost is incurred provided that the criteria for recognition are fulfilled (Deegan 2013). However, as mentioned in Paragraph 28 of AASB 116 (plant, property and equipment), the carrying amount of a particular plant and equipment of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited might be reduced by way of government grants that are in compliance with the AASB 120 Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Again, under the recognition notion stated in the paragraph 7, a particular business entity cannot identify with the carrying amount of a specific plant, property and equipment different cost s associated to the daily servicing of the said items (Annualreports.com. 2016). Moreover, the business entity follows the principle for recognition mentioned under paragraph 7 of the accounting standard AASB 116 under which the cost of replacement of the item at the time when the cost is incurred is taken into consideration under the carrying amount of a specific items of plant and equipment (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Again, the carrying amount of the replaced parts are derecognized as per the de-recognition provision stated under the paragraph 67 to 72 of this accounting standard. 2: Composition of the Plant, Property and Equipment at the end of the reporting period The plant and equipment also known as the tangible fixed assets can be considered to a category of assets that have physical existence (Samkin and Deegan 2012). A particular business entity holds the plant and equipments for the purpose of internal use of the corporation that are anticipated to generate various economic benefits in the upcoming period (Horngren et al. 2012). The composition of the plant and equipment for the corporation therefore comprises of land, furniture and fixtures, buildings and many others (Botzem 2012). As mentioned in the annual report of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited, the plant and equipment at the end of the end of the reporting period 2015 is registered to be $ 176208000 (Annualreports.com. 2016). Valuation of the particular assets The valuation of the particular plant and equipment requires the identification of the cost of the item that is equal to the cash price of the item equivalent at the period or the date of recognition (Ryan 2012). However, in case if the payment for the plant and equipment of the company gets deferred beyond the period of the general credit terms, the variance in the cash price equivalent and the overall payment can be identified as interest for the duration of the credit until and unless such amount of interest can be capitalized according to the principles of AASB 12 (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Again, one or else greater than one item of property and equipment of the business entity might be acquired as against the non-financial assets or else the mixture of economic and non-economic assets (Henderson et al. 2015). Again, the cost of this kind of items of property as well as equipment can be enumerated at fair value if not the switch over transaction are deficient in marketable substance or else the fair value of asset that are neither received nor surrendered can be dependably assessable (Henderson et al. 2015). The entity can select either the cost model as mentioned in the paragraph 30 or else the revaluation model stated in the paragraph 31 of the accounting standard as the accounting strategy and can apply this strategy to all the different categories of the plant and equipment. In case of JB Hi- Fi Limited, the plant and equipment of the firm are mentioned at the cost after deduction of the accumulated depreciation as well as amortization. In addition to this, the cost of the plant and equipment of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited includes the expenses that can be directly associated to the cost of acquirement of the firm. In case of the deferred settlement of the purchase consideration, the company determines the cost after discounting the amounts that the company has to pay in the future period to the present value as on the period of acquirement (Macve 2015). 3: Methods of depreciation for various categories of plant, property and equipment The company JB Hi-Fi Limited applies the straight line depreciation method in order to write off the net cost of the assets over a specific estimated economic life to the respective residual value (Annualreports.com. 2016). However, it is also expected that the adoption of the accounting standard AASB 2014-4 that refers to the Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards Board (Clarification of the Acceptable Methods of Depreciation and amortization effective from the date January 2016 (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). It is said to have no material financial influence on the financial declarations of the corporation JB Hi- Fi Limited (Annualreports.com. 2016). As per AASB 116, the company can utilize different depreciation methods to allocate the depreciation amount on a specific asset on essentially a systematic basis throughout the economic life of the asset (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). The mechanisms for calculation of depreciation comprises of the straight-line method, depreciation as per the diminishing balance method along with the units of production method (Laing and Perrin 2014). The straight line depreciation method leads to a constant and even charge over the economic life in ncase if the residual value of the of the asset does not transform (Yao et al. 2015). As per the AASB 116, paragraph 62, the other methods of depreciation on plant, property and equipment include the diminishing balance method that refers to a reduced charge over the economic life economic life of the asset (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). Again, yet another method of depreciation includes the units of production method that leads to a charge that is founded on the anticipated utilization or else output (Hanlon et al. 2014). The approximated useful life of the assets, the residual values as well as depreciation method of the company can be reviewed at the end of each and every reporting period where the effect of the alterations can be identified on particularly a prospective basis (Hu et al. 2015). The approximated useful lives that the company uses for the calculation of the depreciation be categorized into two different types (Hu 2012). The leasehold improvements are said have3 the estimated economic life of around 1 to 15 years. Again, as per the annual report of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited the plant and equipments are said to have the estimated economic life of 1.5 years to 15 years (Annualreports.com. 2016). 4: Disclosure of the rates of depreciation and the useful lives of the assets As per the accounting standard AASB 116 (Plant, Property and Equipment), the disclosure requirements refer to certain regulations stated under paragraph 73 of the standard (AASB 2015). According to the disclosure requirements, the financial declarations of the corporations JB Hi-Fi limited need to reveal for each and every category of the plant and equipment the measurement bases that can be used for the process of determination of the overall gross carrying amount of the plant property and equipment (Hanlon et al. 2014). In addition to this, the disclosure requirements of the financial declarations include the specifications regarding the depreciation method that can be use in the present case (Pawsey and Crase 2013). Again, the disclosure requirement also has the need for the declarations of the estimated economic lives of the each category of the plant and equipments of the company (Annualreports.com. 2016). Furthermore, the company also has the need to disclose the gross carrying amount of each category of the plant, property and equipment of the corporation JB Hi Fi Limited. In addition to this, the disclosure requirements of the company also include the specifications regarding the reconciliation of the definite carrying amount during the beginning as well as the end of the specific reporting period disclosing the additions, classification of the assets, acquirements through different types of business combinations, changes from revaluations, losses due to impairment and many others (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). The management of the company JB Hi- Fi also presents the continuous disclosures in order to provide the timely and at the same time relevant information to all the shareholders of the corporation (Annualreports.com. 2016). In addition to this, the management of the corporation JB Hi Fi Limited is also committed to meet the continuous disclosure requirements. The Board of the business entity JB Hi Fi Limited has also authorized the policy of continuous dis closures in order to make it certain that the processes for the identification as well as disclosure of sensitive information according to the Corporation Act as well as the Listing rules specified in the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX). The company JB Hi Fi Limited also presents disclosures concerning the environmental sustainability, carbon disclosure, management personnel disclosures. In the future period, the management would also like to introduce the rules and regulations stated under the AASB 2013-3 that states the amendments to the AASB 136 that mentions the Recoverable Amount Disclosures for Non-Financial Assets (Aasb.gov.au. 2016). As per the annual report of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited the plant and equipments are said to have the estimated economic life of 1.5 years to 15 years 5: Amount of depreciation charged on the asset for the current as well as the previous years As mentioned in the annual report of the company JB Hi- Fi Limited for the year 2015, it can be hereby ascertained that the depreciation on plant and equipment is calculated to be $22987000 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). The depreciation charge on the plant and equipment of the business entity rose to $22987000 during the year 2015 as compared to the figure of $ 21869000 registered during the year ago period 2014. Furthermore, the depreciation on the leasehold improvements was recorded to be $ 16137000 during the period (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). The depreciation on leasehold improvements increased from $ 13661000 recorded during the year 2014 to $16137000 registered during the year 2015. Again, the impairment for the plant and equipment of the company is registered to be $1119000 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). Therefore, altogether the charge for the depreciation and impairment is enumerated to be $39124000 during the year 2015 as compared to the year ago figure of $ 35530000. Therefore, the depreciati on charge as on June 2015 is recorded to be $22987000. Furthermore, the EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization) for the company JB Hi-Fi Limited is recorded to be $240031000 after deduction of the depreciation and amortization amounting to $39124000 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). 6: Review of the purchase of the items of plant, property and equipment during the year The purchase of the plant and equipment during the reporting period 2015 can be reviewed from the cash flows of the company for investing activities as regards the plant and equipment of the company. The payments for the plant and equipment reflect the investments of the company for the purpose of acquirement. However, the proceeds from different sales of plant as well as equipment reflect cash inflow. In case of the deferred settlement of the purchase consideration, the company determines the cost after discounting the amounts that the company has to pay in the future period to the present value as on the period of acquirement represents the cash inflow from the plant and equipments of the company. Again, the payments for the plant and equipments represent the cash outflow of the firm for plant and equipments. As per the annual report of the company JB Hi-Fi Limited for the period 2015, the payments for the plant and equipment that replicates the acquirement cost among many others a mounts to $42466000 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). Again, the income proceeds from the plant and equipments of the corporation JB Hi-Fi Limited amounts to $ 496000 during the year 2015 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). Treatment of any borrowing cost incurred as part of the cost of properties under development As rightly mentioned in the annual report of the company JB Hi Fi Limited, there are borrowing costs that the company incurs for the purpose of construction of any kind of qualifying assets and are capitalized during a particular period of the time that is necessary for completing and preparing the specific asset for the proposed or else for the purpose of sale (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). In addition to this, the other costs of borrowing of the company are essentially expensed. However, the borrowings of the company are initially identified at the fair value that is essentially the net of the transaction cost that the company incurs. However, the borrowings of the company are primarily enumerated at the amortized cost. Again, the borrowings of the company can be further categorized as the current liabilities if not the business concern possesses an unconditional authority to defer the process of settlement of the particular liability of the firm for the duration of at least 12 months afte r the date of reporting of the business concern (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). Commitments of the company for future capital expenditure not provided for in the financial reports As per the annual reports of the company JB Hi Fi Limited, the capital expenditure of the company can be appraised from the overall outflow of cash of the corporation that was recorded to be $44.4 million during the year 2015. The net cash outflow of the firm has increased from $38.2 million registered during 2014 to $44.4 million during the period 2015 (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). The components of the cash outflow represent the capital expenditures as well as the acquisitions of the corporation. The capital expenditures of the firm refer to the investments of $42.5 million that were carried out during the reporting period in different capital expenditures projects. The capital expenditure of the firm increased from $6.6 million during the reporting period from the previous years figure of $35.9 million (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). The projects on capital expenditures primarily comprised of opening of new stores, conversion of home stores of JB Hi-Fi, process of relocation as well as up gradati on of the stores of the company along with the development of the online as well as digital projects. The company also paid franchise of $2.4 million for the acquirement of interest in the Network Neighborhood Business (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). The investing actions of the business concern is expected to develop the earnings for the firm. The company has a depreciation of $22987000 on the non-current asset of plant and equipment along with the impairment charge of $1119000 on the plant and equipments of the company (Jbhifi.com.au. 2016). References AASB, C.A.S., 2015. Investment Property. Aasb.gov.au. (2016).Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Annualreports.com. (2016).JB Hi-Fi Limited - AnnualReports.com. [online] Available at: https://www.annualreports.com/Company/JB-Hi-Fi-Limited [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Botzem, S., 2012.The politics of accounting regulation: Organizing transnational standard setting in financial reporting. Edward Elgar Publishing. Deegan, C., 2012.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Deegan, C., 2013.Australian financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Hanlon, D., Navissi, F. and Soepriyanto, G., 2014. The value relevance of deferred tax attributed to asset revaluations.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,10(2), pp.87-99. Hanlon, D., Navissi, F. and Soepriyanto, G., 2014. The value relevance of deferred tax attributed to asset revaluations.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,10(2), pp.87-99. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hu, F., 2012.Asset Revaluations and Audit Fees: Evidence from Australia Securities Exchange(Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University). Hu, F., Percy, M. and Yao, D., 2015. Asset revaluations and earnings management: Evidence from Australian companies.Corporate Ownership and Control,13(1), pp.930-939. Jbhifi.com.au. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.jbhifi.com.au/Documents/Annual%20Report%20-%202015.pdf [Accessed 3 Sep. 2016]. Laing, G.K. and Perrin, R.W., 2014. Deconstructing an accounting paradigm shift: AASB 116 non-current asset measurement models.International Journal of Critical Accounting,6(5-6), pp.509-519. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Pawsey, N. and Crase, L., 2013. The mystique of water pricing and accounting.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy,32(3), pp.328-339. Pawsey, N. and Crase, L., 2013. The mystique of water pricing and accounting.Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy,32(3), pp.328-339. Ryan, S.G., 2012. Financial reporting for financial instruments.Foundations and Trends (R) in Accounting,6(34), pp.187-354. Samkin, G. and Deegan, C., 2012.New Zealand financial accounting. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. and Hu, F., 2015. Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), pp.31-45.

Acadia National Park essays

Acadia National Park essays At first, Acadia National Park was only a monument. In 1913, President Woodrow Wilson named 6,000 acres Sieur de Monts National Monument. Soon, many citizens donated time and money to the park. In 1919 President Wilson signed an act changing the monument to a national park. The main reason that Acadia National Park was established was to protect the areas scenic values, the rocky coast, its islands, and the plants and wildlife. This park is unusual because it wasnt made on public lands, or bought with public funding. It was made because of the money the private citizens donated. John D Rockefeller Jr. alone built the carriage roads and bought the park more than 11,000 acres, which is about one third of the Acadia National Park has 35,000 acres of rocky seacoast, islands, forests, mountains, and lakes. Everything is open to the public to enjoy. there are over 120 miles of hiking trails. The trails range from short, sea level walks, to the extremely steep precipice trail. The trails are all connected together, so the hikers can visit a few mountains peaks in one trip. 57 miles of roads are open to bicyclists, horseback riders, and carriages. There are also 27 miles set aside for a scenic drive through Acadia has a huge history. The name Acadia was French before it turned into English and then American. Its first name was Mount Desert Island, named by the French explored, Champlain. Champlain had the first boating mishap on the rocky shoreline. He was sailing his boat near the shore when his got stuck on the rocks. Until the Civil War, This shorelines ledges and fog were hazards to sailors. Fours automatic lighthouses now run in the area of Egg Rock, Bass Harbor Head, Baker Island, and Great ...

The Boring, Old-Fashioned Way for Online Freelancers to Make More Money

The Boring, Old-Fashioned Way for Online Freelancers to Make More Money In the 21st century, finding freelance writing markets is more complicated than just opening your Writers Market book. A plethora of websites and apps exist online for freelancers, connecting writers to clients who want to buy their content. While many writers make a sizable living from working on sites such as  Fiverr  and  Upwork, others complain about the low rates clients pay. In fact, many gigs on Fiverr only pay five US dollars, oftentimes for extensive projects. Whats a freelancer to do when theyre earning low income on freelancing websites, and want to expand their portfolio and earn more money? Return to the boring Writers Market book. Online media may fetishize blogs and freelance websites as markets for freelance writers, but print magazines and newspapers still sell and still pay. For example,  AARP The Magazine, based in Washington, D.C., has about 35 million readers worldwide. Its not a market for most beginners, but it pays competitively, offering $1/word for original, unpublished content. Approaching magazine and newspaper editors with your Fiverr and Upwork clips is similar to approaching them with print magazine clips. Write a one-page query that succinctly describes your story idea, describes why the idea would be appropriate for the publication youre pitching, and shows your knowledge of the publication. Describe your previous writing experience and education, if you have any. Submit links to any published articles you may have. If you have no links, promise to submit writing samples in a future email. Get permission from your freelancing clients before you use their content as part of your portfolio. After you submit your query, wait. Wait between three weeks and two months. Print media still runs on pre-Internet time, and this discourages many writers used to fast emails and tweets. But the waiting is worth it. Even in 2018, being published in the print edition of a magazine like  The Atlantic as opposed to the online edition will give your writing career added prestige. Within that three weeks to two months period, you should receive a response from the publications editors. Unfortunately, youll receive a rejection most of the time. All writers receive rejection and have setbacks, but successful writers bounce back from rejection, write queries more appropriate to the magazine they want to crack, and re-submit. They keep on doing this until the editor breaks down and gives them an assignment, an opportunity to create an amazing article. Following are seven great print markets for online freelancers looking to make more money and have better quality gigs. These magazines accept a lot of new writers, and they pay at least 10 cents a word. 1. Wellbeing Magazine (Australia) wellbeing.com.au/contribute Pays up to $700AU for feature articles 2. M: Music and Musicians http://mmusicmag.com/m/   Editor: Rick Taylor Rick@Mmusicmag.com Pays up to $450 for feature articles 3. Symphony Magazine americanorchestras.org/symphony-magazine/about-symphony/submission-guidelines.html Pays up to $900 for feature articles 4. Alaska Airlines Magazine alaskaairlinesmagazine.com/contributor/guidelines/ Pays up to $700 for feature articles 5. The War Cry sanationalpublications.org/submission-guidelines/ Pays $0.35 per word for original content, $0.15 for reprints 6. Virginia Wildlife dgif.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/writers-photographers-guidelines.pdf Pays up to $500 per feature article 7. The Contemporary Sportsman integrateddigitalpublishing.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/IDP_Editorial_Photography_Guidelines.pdf Pays up to $700 for feature articles

Poverty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Poverty - Essay Example In order to be able to give an objective solution to the problem of world poverty, it is imperative to first look at the causes of world poverty. It is by eliminating the causes of world poverty that we will decisively solve the problem of world poverty. One of the main causes of world poverty especially in the third world, where children are dying of hunger is mainly corruption and mismanagement of national resources. This therefore means that in order to offer a long term solution to the problem of extreme poverty in some countries of the world, corruption should first be eliminated. With the elimination of corruption and good management of national resources, it is possible to drastically reduce the high levels of poverty in the world, thus preventing death of innocent children from hunger. Instead of proposing a concrete way of ending corruption and mismanagement of national resources as a mean of fighting world poverty, Singer argues that even with corruption and embezzlement of funds donated by the rich people for the starving children, with the contribution of approximately $200 by the wealthy Americans will be enough to feed the poor starving children in the world. However, although these funds indeed can help significantly in feeding the poor starving children, thus preventing them from dying, the donated funds will not give a long term solution to the problem of world poverty and world hunger. Singer’s solution to world hunger, therefore, offers only a short-term solution to world hunger and the short term solution cannot rid the world of poverty and hunger. The best way to fight world poverty and world hunger is to eliminate corruption, which is one of the main causes of world hunger and starvation of poor innocent children. Secondly, the solution offered by Singer in fighting world poverty can even aggravate

Diversity in AT&T telecommunication company Essay

Diversity in AT&T telecommunication company - Essay Example The mission statement for AT & T is to link people with their globe, all over the place and do it better than any other company. The company is fulfilling the above vision by coming up with new solutions for businesses and consumers, and through driving modernism in the entertainment and communication industry. Reflecting on this perspective, this paper critically examines diversity in AT&T Telecommunication Company in the U.S from a broad point of view. Inclusively, the paper presents a SWOT analysis, recommendations, and appendices for the company. Diversity in AT&T Telecommunication Company in the U.S AT & T is a telecommunication company that has been in the telecom industry for several decades. Being part of the capital intensive business, AT & T’s domestic environment has been impressive in terms of stock and turnover. The victorious legal and regulatory outcome saw the ending of monopoly in American telephony in the year 1968. AT & T submitted various proposals includin g an application for low-cost educational television network (Campbell 28). This application was meant to show AT & T as the flexible company to public interests than any other firm in the industry. The FCC ruling on AT & T request took place on 14 August 1969 where AT & T was licensed to operate. It is imperative to state that the government regulation was not the reason as to why the company faced bankruptcy. Internal management was defective that saw the company faced with many financial scandals and the bankruptcy. The government regulation of 1968 was in favor of AT & T Communications and has been instrumental in shaping the domestic environment the company operates in for several years (Brooks 41). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) established supportive laws, which saw AT & T use the opportunity to grow its market share and expand its customer base globally. With the intention of sustaining the growth, AT & T Corporation infused large capitals into its business. AT & T needed significant amounts of capital to finance its plans of increasing and maintaining its domestic market share (Borkowski 64). The company’s growth plan was a figure from $890 million in 1984 to $2.76 billion in 1987. To finance its forecasts, AT & T began by selling $481 million in common stock in 1984 the same way it had done in the past. The share price was $47 per share, and AT & T needed to capitalize on the high value at the time. From 1985 to 1989, AT & T sold convertible debentures. Another expectation of the company at the time was to achieve a market share of 20% by 1990. The company realized that to achieve this it required funding of between $890 million in 1984 to $2.76 billion by 1987. AT & T cash inflows at the time were insufficient to support its domestic environment plans. The company was to raise the finances through other means (Lawrence 15). This is where it opted to sell $481 million in equity in 1984, and afterward issued convertible debentures up until 1989 to match its expansion plans. Issuing those debentures allowed AT & T to convert them into stock giving AT & T a leverage to raise more debt. Reflecting on research, AT & T is experiencing a competitive global environment as new competitors are contending for market share in an investment concentrated business. With the increased

Oral Manifestations of Syphilis

Oral Manifestations of Syphilis Reanna Munn Dawn Vincent Introduction Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infectious disease caused by the spirochete microorganism Treponema pallidum (MedlinePlus, 2014). According to Ficarra and Carlos, syphilis, compared to other sexually transmitted diseases, is easily contracted by any close contact with an infectious lesion, this includes oral sex and kissing. The bacterium enters the lymphatic and blood stream spreading through many organs along with the central nervous system (2009). The population with the highest risk in contracting syphilis is young adults between ages 15-25 (MedlinePlus, 2014). Syphilis has been around for a long time and has manifested itself in a plethora of ways. â€Å"Syphilis evolves through a series of four overlapping stages commonly known as primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, latent syphilis, and tertiary syphilis† (Ficarra Carlos, 2009). Each stage of syphilis has recognizable manifestations. Ficarra and Carlos showed that the primary stage of syphilis is also known as syphilis chancre and this occurs at the site of infection. The majority of the extra-genital chancre are found in the mouth (45-75%) but can occur on any body part such as the hands of health care workers. The Secondary stage of syphilis develops within 2-12 weeks from the initial contact with the bacterium. This stage is easy to diagnose but can also be confused with other skin diseases. Following secondary is the latent period which does not show any clinical signs or symptoms of syphilis. The tertiary stage is where long term complications come along (2009). â€Å"The presence of oral manifestations may be a feature of all stages of syphilis and often may be its first clinical manifestations†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Singh Patil, 2013). Oral Manifestations of Syphilis Oral manifestations are viewed in about 4-12% of patients with primary syphilis and appear at the area where the bacteria entered into the mucosa. Common sites are the tongue, gingiva, soft palate and lips (Ficarra Carlos, 2009). â€Å"Typical mucous membrane lesions tend to be oval, serpiginous, raised erosions or ulcers with an erythematosus border. There is an overlying gray or silver membrane† (Singh Patil, 2013). Comparing primary oral lesions to secondary, primary lesions are few and painless whereas secondary are usually painful and multiple (Singh Patil, 2013). â€Å"The oral manifestations of secondary syphilis are more extensive and/or variable. Mucous patches are highly infectious since they contain vast number of organisms† (Bhovi, Gupta, Devi Pachauri, 2014). The common sites to find secondary lesions are the soft palate and pillars, tongue, and vestibular mucosa. Often pharyngitis, tonsillitis and laryngitis are associated with secondary syphilis (Fica rra Carlos, 2009). Case studies, done by Bhovi et al. (2014) and Singh and Patil (2009), both discovered rare manifestations where syphilis oral lesions were present without any other signs or symptoms. â€Å"There are only few reports of secondary syphilis presenting with isolated oral lesions† (Bhovi et al. 2014). Bhovi et al. also stated that â€Å"Isolated oral ulcerations in secondary syphilis are unusual.† (2014). In the case Singh and Patil were studying, they found a â€Å"[R]are presentation of localized oral lesions of secondary syphilis for 15 days with the absence of skin lesions† (2009). It was found that both cases present the rarity of syphilis manifesting itself in the oral cavity on its own. â€Å"Tertiary syphilis manifests itself in the oral cavity as gumma localized mainly in the hard palate† (Ficarra Carlos, 2009). Ficarra and Carlos also stated how there is not much research regarding oral syphilis and this is most likely because of its anomaly of oral manifestations (2009). MedlinePlus (2014) found â€Å"Symptoms of tertiary syphilis depend on which organs have been affected.† Diagnosis Singh and Patil (2013) concluded that â€Å"Many patients infected with venereal diseases have oral manifestations, but very few dentists and physicians have the proper experience to diagnose syphilis or other STDs from oral lesions.† This raises the risks of the diseases being transferred if the health care workers are pre-exposed to the lesions unaware of what they are from. There are tests and exams that the doctor or nurse may do to diagnose syphilis. MedlinePlus (2014) listed the tests as â€Å"Examination of fluid from sore†, â€Å"Echocardiogram, aortic angiogram, and cardiac catheterization to look at the major blood vessels and heart†, â€Å"Spinal tap and examination of spinal fluid†, and â€Å"Blood tests to screen for syphilis bacteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Treatment According to MedlinePlus (2014), â€Å"Syphilis can be cured if it is diagnosed early and completely treated.† Ficarra and Carlos (2009) stated â€Å"Benzathine penicillin G or aqueous penicillin G remains the drug of choice for all forms of syphilis.† For patients that are allergic to penicillin, â€Å"Oral tetracyclines are also effective in the treatment of syphilis†¦ (Ficarra Carlos, 2009).† â€Å"Tetracycline, 500mg, orally four times daily for 14days, or doxycycline 100mg orally twice for 14 days†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Ficarria Carlos, 2009). MedlinePlus (2014) notified â€Å"Length of treatment depends on how severe the syphilis is, and factors such as the patient’s overall health.† Conclusion After researching syphilis, the importance of being able to recognize the disease in the early stages is amplified not only for the individual who obtains it, but for the others who are potentially exposed to it. It is clear from my findings that syphilis has a variety of manifestations at once and it is very interesting to further learn about the rare cases of syphilis occurring only in the mouth. The four stages change very drastically from painless, to painful, to asymptomatic, to lethal. Again, emphasising the importance to seek treatment before it is beyond curable. Since there are many oral manifestations of syphilis dental professionals should be aware of what they may come in contact with. The transfer from the oral cavity to the health care workers hand is an entry way for the disease to be contracted. It is imperative to always take full precautions in any disease or disorder in the oral cavity and treat every patient with that potential. References Bhovi, T. V., Gupta, M., Devi, P., Pachauri, A. (2014). An unusual manifestation of secondary syphilis: A case report. Journal Of Indian Academy Of Oral Medicine Radiology, 26(4), 436-438. doi:10.4103/0972-1363.155642 Ficarra, G., Carlos, R. (2009). Syphilis: The Renaissance of an Old Disease with Oral Implications.Head and Neck Pathology,3(3), 195–206. doi:10.1007/s12105-009-0127-0 MedlinePlus. (2014). Syphilis – Primary. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000861.htm Singh, P. V., Patil, R. (2013). Atypical oral manifestations in secondary syphilis. Indian Journal Of Dental Research, 24(1), 142-144. doi:10.4103/0970-9290.114928

The Power of Goal Setting Essay -- Organization Personal

The Power of Goal Setting Too many of us treat goal setting the same way. We dream about what we want to do, but we don't have a plan to carry out that dream. A mapped out goal is superior to a dream. You must have a plan. Dreams are merely thoughts or ideas, but, we need more than to simply scribble down some ideas on a piece of paper. Our goals need to be concise and focused. We must set both long-term and short-term goals, so for each short-term goal accomplished the long-term goals will seem easier to attain. As an example, a short-term goal for student of the University could be to accomplish each weekly assignment on time and to achieve significant working relationships with our other classmates. Short-term goals can easily be forgotten with hectic lives and tasks delayed because we obtain the "I'll do it tomorrow" attitude. Stay focused on the issues at hand, and completing assignments will become second nature. Daily to-do lists is a productive way to accomplish short term goals, but complete the list prior to any recreational activities, eventually, find recreation in...

Project Report on Cost Analysis of Rice Mill in India Essay

1.1 Introduction Rice is the staple food for 65% of the population in India. It is the largest consumed calorie source among the food grains. With a per capita availability of 73.8 kg it meets 31% of the total calorie requirement of the population. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to China. The all India area, production, and yield of rice in the year 2001-02 was 44.62 million hectares, 93.08 million tons and 2086 kg/ ha respectively. In India paddy occupies the first place both in area and production. The crop occupies about 37 % of the total cropped area and 44% (2001-02 position) of total production of food grains in India. West Bengal is the leading producer of paddy in the country. It accounts for 16.39% of the total production, and the other leading states are Uttar Pradesh (13.38%), Andhra Pradesh (12.24%), Punjab (9.47%), Orissa (7.68%) and Tamil Nadu (7.38%); the remaining states account for 33.45% of the production. India is also one of the leading exporters of rice in the world market. India’s export of rice stood at 23.89 lakh MT in 1997-98. The corresponding value of foreign exchange earned was to the tune of Rs. 3371.00 crore in 1997-98. Indian Basmati Rice has been a favorite among international rice buyers. Following liberalization of international trade after World Trade Agreement, Indian rice will become highly competitive and has been identified as one of the major commodities for export. Look more:  capital budgeting examples essay This provides us with ample opportunity for development of rice based value-added products for earning more foreign exchange. Apart from rice milling, processing of rice bran for oil extraction is also an important agro processing activity for value addition, income and employment generation. Many of the rice processing units are of the traditional huller type and are inefficient. Modern rice mills are having high capacity and are capital intensive, although efficient. Small modern rice mills have been developed and are available in the market but the lack of information is a bottleneck in its adoption by the prospective entrepreneur. The present model will go a long way in bridging the information gap. 1.2 Description of Rice Milling Operations Paddy in its raw form cannot be consumed by human beings. It needs to be suitably processed for obtaining rice. Rice milling is the process which helps in removal of hulls and barns from paddy grains to produce polished rice. Rice forms the basic primary processed product obtained from paddy and this is further processed for obtaining various secondary and tertiary products. The basic rice milling processes consist of: 1. Pre Cleaning: Removing all impurities and unfilled grains from paddy 2. De-stoning: Separating small stones from paddy 3. Parboiling (Optional): Helps in improving the nutritional quality by gelatinization of starch inside the rice grain. It improves the milling recovery percent during de-shelling and polishing / whitening operation 4. Husking: Removing husk from paddy 5. Husk Aspiration: Separating the husk from brown rice/ unhusked paddy 6. Paddy Separation: Separating the unhusked paddy from brown rice 7. Whitening: Removing all or part of the bran layer and germ from brown rice 8. Polishing: Improving the appearance of milled rice by removing the remaining bran particles and by polishing the exterior of the milled kernel 9. Length Grading: Separating small and large brokens from head rice 10. Blending: Mixing head rice with predetermined amount of brokens, as required by the customer 11. Weighing and bagging: Preparing the milled rice for transport to the customer The flow diagram of the various unit operations are as follows: Figure 1: Block Diagram of Rice Processing 1.3 Status of Rice Milling Units in India Rice milling is the oldest and the largest agro processing industry of the country. At present it has a turnover of more than 25,500/- crore per annum. It processes about 85 million tons of paddy per year and provides staple food grain and other valuable products required by over 60% of the population. Paddy grain is milled either in raw condition or after par-boiling, mostly by single hullers of which over 82,000 are registered in the country. Apart from it there are also a large number of unregistered single hulling units in the country. A good number (60 %) of these are also linked with par-boiling units and sun -drying yards. Most of the tiny hullers of about 250-300 kg/hr capacities are employed for custom milling of paddy. Apart from it double hulling units number over 2,600 units, underrun disc shellers cum cone polishers numbering 5,000 units and rubber roll shellers cum friction polishers numbering over 10,000 units are also present in the country. Further over the years there has been a steady growth of improved rice mills in the country. Most of these have capacities ranging from 2 tons /hr to 10 tons/ hr. 1.4 Need for Improved Rice Mills The recovery of whole grains in a traditional rice mill using steel hullers for dehusking is around 52-54%. There is excessive loss in the form of coarse and fine brokens. Further loss of large portion of endosperm layers during the dehusking operation further accentuates the problem. Against it, the recovery percent of whole grains in modern rice mills using rubber roll shellers for dehusking operation is around 62-64%. The whole grain recovery percent further increases to 66-68% in case of milling of parboiled paddy. Thus it can be seen that there is an overall improvement of recovery of whole grains by about 10-14% if one uses rubber roll shellers for rice milling operations. The conversion ratio (i.e. recovery % of various final product and byproduct for every 100 kg feed of raw paddy) for these improved rice mills are can be as follows: 1. Percent of milled rice : 62-68%2. Percent of rice bran : 4-5% 3. Percent of rice husk : 25% 4. Percent of germ wastages : 2%-8% It has been observed that dehusking using rubber roll shellers reduces the risk of breaking the grain because husk is pulled off almost at once and pressure is applied by means of resilient surfaces across the width of the grain, where kernels, generally are much more uniform than they are by length. Moreover, the process does not remove the internal epidermis of the husk. Thus the deshelled grains with their silver skin envelope are protected against scratches and keep longer and better while the silver skin and the germ increases the quantity of bran which is produced while whitening. The improved rice mills have a better husk and rice bran aspiration system. The same prevents mixing of fine brokens with rice bran. Therefore the quality of rice bran obtained is better. It has also been observed that the location of rice mills are confined to a few selected production centers. Their development as a village level agro processing unit is yet to take a proper shape. In the absence of village level rice milling unit, the farmers have to travel great distances for milling the rice. This leads to increased transportation and handling losses. Thus there is a need to develop improved rice mills as a village level agro processing unit for bringing about technical up-gradation and development of the sector. Value addition and generation of gainful and sustainable employment opportunities are the other possible benefits arising out of this agro processing industry. The Central Govt. is also providing a big boost towards the development of this industry. It has since repealed w.e.f. May 27, 1998 the Rice Milling Industry (Regulation) Act, 1958 and Rice Milling Industry (Regulation and licensing) Rules, 1959. Further, rice milling sector which was earlier reserved for the small scale sector, have now been de-reserved. As such, no license/ permission is now required for setting up a rice mill. 1.5 Rice Husk Gasifier A rice husk gasifier aims at using wastes from rice mills to fuel a spark-ignition engine that will drive a generator to produce electricity. Instead of dumping rice husks along roadsides, it can now be converted into valuable fuel that can help in substituting the energy required at the mill itself. The gasifier basically employs a moving-bed downdraft gasifier reactor developed by CRHET in combination with a gas-conditioning device that removes impurities from the gas thereby making it highly suitable fuel for heat engines. The gasifier produces a clean gas with a very low amount of black carbon (i.e., only 50 um/m3of gas), and so the gas coming out of the muffler of an engine is also clean. CO2 emission is Operation of the likewise relatively low of about 0.6 kg per ton of rice husks. Figure 2: Block Diagram of Rice Husk Gasifier 1.6 Problem Description The Rice milling is the process that helps in removal of hulls and bran’s from paddy grains to produce polished rice. Rice is rich in genetic diversity with thousands of varieties grown throughout the world. Rice has been one of man’s most important foods. Today, this unique grain helps sustain two-thirds of the world’s population. It is life for thousands of millions of people. It is deeply embedded in the cultural heritage of their societies. About four-fifths of the world’s rice are produced by small-scale farmers and are consumed locally. The major portion of the paddy is being processed through hullers. The hullers are usually low capacity mills. In these hullers, both shelling and polishing operations are carried out simultaneously. Hence, there is no control on the polishing of rice, bran and a higher breakage of rice occurs. Today the number of middle class people is rising who want good quality of food. Thus a number of small, technically advance rice mills are being set up to meet the quality needs of the people and substitute for huller mill, to get polished rice, rice bran and paddy husk. In this project, profit analysis of a small scale technically advance rice mill is carries out using the business case of Jay Laxmi Rice Mill, Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar district in the state of Uttarakhand. It has a nominal capacity of 4000kg/hr. It has been built for the production of raw rice. The relation between the cost of capital and the net present value of the project was developed. The internal rate of return was determined by finding the appropriate discounting rates for which the net present value is zero. Sensitivity analysis of various factors like paddy price, raw rice price, bran price versus internal rate of return and the net present value of the project were done to estimate profit. Also, the owner want to know the effect on internal rate of return and net present value if the husk produced is used for generating electricity for the plant. What is the minimum percentage of electricity consumption that should be substituted by rice husk gasifier such that the process is profitable? There are a lot of bottlenecks and unforeseen problems in estimating it. The owner needs to know the fixed and variable costs for operating this. The market forces decide the price/unit of raw rice in the market. Thus, the owner has to follow the supply demand dynamics and price its product. To maintain a pre-defined profit margin the owner should know its revenue and costs and aim to increase its revenue and decrease its costs. These problems are discussed and solved in this report. 1.6 Objectives On the light of the above discussion the following objectives will be addressed in this investigation: * Obtaining an exhaustive asset list along with its initial cost, life and salvage value to compute the Net Present Value, Payback Period and Internal Rate of Return of the project. * To create a programme in C and obtain a relationship between Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and yearly cash flow generated. * To obtain relationship between Net Present Value and Cost of Capital * To obtain relationship between Net income, Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * To perform sensitivity analysis for the owner on the basis of: * Buying price of Paddy versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * Selling price of Raw Rice versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * Selling price of Bran versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * Salvage value versus Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value * To find the minimum percentage of total electricity consumption that should be generated from Rice Husk Gassifier so that the process is economic and obtain a relationship between percentage electricity substituted from the husk gassifier, Internal Rate of Return and Net Present Value. Chapter 2: Review of Literature ————————————————- This is a specific case study partening to Jay Laxmi Rice Mill at Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar district in the state of Uttarakhand. This case study is an analysis of the establishment and functioning of small scale modern rice mill in India. It is neither a story of spectacular success, nor of a spectacular failure as case studies usually are. Rather, it is written with a purpose of illustrating the complexity of factors that enter into the establishment and functioning of an enterprise in a low income economy. These factors often distort both the factor and the product prices and make it difficult to measure the efficiency of an enterprise with the usual yardsticks of cost-benefit analysis. In conducting the analysis the classical analytical tools have been used. These tools take into account the Time Value of Money and are the core topics in books on Engineering Economics. The equations used in the analysis of the project have been taken from the book on ‘Essentials of Engineering Economics’ by James L. Riggs and Thomas M. West. The current market price of the assets used in the rice mill has been obtained from Satake, Japanese manufacturer and supplier of rice mill machinery. The Kolkata representative of Satake recommends the market price and setting up cost. The list of assets used in Rice Husk Gasifier, their current market price and salvage value were obtained from the various sites. The papers on ‘Electricity generation from rice husk in indian rice mills’ and ‘Rice husk gasifier for melting and reheating process’ helped me in detailed understanding of the rice husk gassifier. Keeping all these study in mind, I have perform the sensitivity analysis of various factors like paddy price, raw rice price, bran price versus the internal rate of return and the net present value of the project. Also found out the relationship between factors like Cost of Capital, Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return. Chapter 3: Problem Solving ————————————————- 3.1 Important Terminology Time Value of Money: * It is the idea that money available at present time is worth more than the same amount in the future due to its potential earnings capacity. * Thus any amount of money is worth more the sooner it is received. For example, assuming a 5% interest rate, $100 invested today will be worth $105 in one year ($100 multiplied by 1.05). Cash Flow Diagram: * A cash flow diagram is a tool used to represent the transactions which will take place over the course of a given project. * Transactions can include initial investments, maintenance costs, projected earnings or savings resulting from the project, as well as resale salvage value of equipment at the end of their lives. * Cash inflow is positive e.g. – revenue, resale salvage value * Cash outflow is negative e.g. – cost of equipments and set-up, disbursements etc. Figure 3: Cash Flow Diagram Resale Salvage Value: The estimated value that an asset will realize upon its sale at the end of its useful life. The salvage value is used in conjunction with the purchase price and accounting method to determine the amount by which an asset depreciates each period. For example, with a straight-line basis, an asset that cost $5,000 and has a salvage value of $1,000 and a useful life of five years would be depreciated at $800 ([$5,000 – $1,000]/5 years) each year. Within the tax system, when a person donates a car he or she receives a tax deduction. The value of this deduction depends on the salvage value of the car. This salvage value is determined to be the current fair market value that could be obtained had the car been sold on that day rather than donated. Disbursements: Money paid out in the discharge of a debt or expense. Disbursements can include money paid out to run a business, spending cash, dividend payments, and/or the amounts that a lawyer might have to pay out on a person’s behalf in connection with a transaction. When money is disbursed, it is a cash outflow. Cash flow is a measure of the cash inflow, revenue, and cash outflows, or disbursements. Ideally, there will be more money flowing in than flowing out. If cash flow is negative (in other words disbursements are higher than revenues), it can be an early warning of potential insolvency. Internal Rate of Return (IRR): The discount rate often used in capital budgeting that makes the net present value of all cash flows from a particular project equal to zero. Generally speaking, the higher a project`s internal rate of return, the more desirable it is to undertake the project. As such, IRR can be used to rank several prospective projects a firm is considering. Assuming all other factors are equal among the various projects, the project with the highest IRR would probably be considered the best and undertaken first. IRR as the rate of growth a project is expected to generate. While the actual rate of return that a given project ends up generating will often differ from its estimated IRR rate, a project with a substantial higher IRR value than other available options would still provide a much better chance of strong worth. IRR can also be compared against prevailing rates of return in the securities markets. If a firm cannot find any project with IRRs greater than the returns that can be generated in the financial market, it may simply choose to invest its retained earnings into the market. IRR (before tax) of a business venture / commercial project can be computed when all the cash flows (P, R, D, F) and lives (n) of assets are given. It is calculated by equating the Net Present Value (NPV) to zero. The corresponding value of ‘i’ is the IRR. Payback period: Payback Period in capital budgeting refers to the period of time required for the return on an investment to â€Å"repay† the sum of the original investment. For example, a $1000 investment which returned $500 per year would have a two year payback period. The time value of money is not taken into account. Payback period intuitively measures how long something takes to â€Å"pay for itself.† All else being equal, shorter payback periods are preferable to longer payback periods. Payback period is widely used because of its ease of use despite the recognized limitations described below. Useful Life: Period during which an asset or property is expected to be usable for the purpose it was required. It may or may not correspond with the item`s actual physical life or economic life. The length of time that a depreciable asset is expected to be usable is its useful life. Cost of Capital: The required return necessary to make a capital budgeting project, such as building a new factory, worthwhile. Cost of capital includes the cost of debt and the cost of equity. It determines how a company can raise money (through a stock issue, borrowing, or a mix of the two). This is the rate of return that a firm would receive if it invested in a different vehicle with similar risk. The cost of capital is a term used in the field of financial investment to refer to the cost of a company’s funds (both debt and equity), or, from an investor’s point of view â€Å"the shareholder’s required return on a portfolio of all the company’s existing securities†. It is used to evaluate new projects of a company as it is the minimum return that investors expect for providing capital to the company, thus setting a benchmark that a new project has to meet. For an investment to be worthwhile, the expected return on capital must be greater than the cost of capital. The cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in an alternative investment of equivalent risk. If a project is of similar risk to a company’s average business activities it is reasonable to use the company’s average cost of capital as a basis for the evaluation. A company’s securities typically include both debt and equity, one must therefore calculate both the cost of debt and the cost of equity to determine a company’s cost of capital. However, a rate of return larger than the cost of capital is usually required. Market Price: Market price is the economic price for which a good or service is offered in the market place. Market pricing is primarily determined by the interaction of supply and demand. Price is interrelated with both of these measures of value. The relationship between price and supply is generally negative, meaning that the higher the price climbs, the lower amount of supply is demanded. Market price is just the price at which goods and services are sold. Price, the amount of goods for which a product is sold, may be seen as a financial expression of the value of the product. Setting the right price is an important part of effective marketing, being the only part of the marketing mix that generates revenue, as product, promotion, and place are all about marketing costs. Price is also the marketing variable that can be changed most quickly. Collin Ta’eed’s ‘Making Money’ describes pricing strategy as a difficult task that depends on nine major factors. They are as follows: 1. Total Costs: If the market price doesn`t include enough just to break-even, one is heading for trouble. The best thing to do is sum up all costs and divide by the number of hours that can be billed a year. This doesn`t include sick days, holidays, and hours working on the business, hours with no work and so on. All hidden costs must be factored. E.g.: insurance, invoices that never get paid for one reason or another, and taxes. 2. Profit: The aim of every business is to make money. Profit is the target money one wants to make above breaking even. Profit is affected by the revenue generated which in turn depends on market price. 3. Market Demand: The concept of demand – supply states that if what one does is in high demand, then make your services more expensive. Conversely if there`s hardly any work around, then decide the market price based on competitors pricing strategy. Signs that demand are high include too much work coming in, other freelancers being overloaded and people telling you they`ve been struggling to find someone to do the job. Signs that demand are low include finding yourself competing to win jobs, a shortage of work and fellow freelancers re-entering the workforce. 4. Industry Standards: It is a technical standards used in business. It is based on the industry market price, value for money, services offered etc. in order to fit in the market, one must adhere to industry standards. 5. Skill Level: Different people, depending on the result they produce, possess a different skill level. When applies to companies, it implies that the market price must be commensurate with the company`s skill. 6. Experience: Although often bundled with skill, experience is a different factor altogether. Experience affects how much a company must charge. E.g.: You may have two very talented photographers, but one with more experience might have better client skills, be able to foresee problems (and thus save the client time and money), and intuitively know what`s going to work for a certain audience and so on. 7. Business Strategy Adopted: Business strategy or angle will make a huge difference to the pricing strategy. E.g.: Think about the differences between Revlon and Chanel, the two could make the same perfume but you would never expect to pay the same for both. Pitching oneself in front of the target customers helps define a company as cheap and cheerful, high end or somewhere in between. This largely affects the market price as people are ready to pay a premium for high end goods. 8. Service Offered: Services are an intangible equivalent of economic goods. Service provision is often an economic activity where the buyer does not generally, except by exclusive contract, obtain exclusive ownership of the thing purchased. The benefits of such a service, if priced, are held to be self-evident in the buyers` willingness to pay for it. Public services are those societies as a whole pays through taxes and other means. The services that a company provides for its clients make a big difference to its price tag. For example you might be a freelancer, who will do whatever it takes to get a job just right, or perhaps you are on call 24-7, or perhaps you provide the minimum amount of communication to cut costs. Whatever the case, adjusting the pricing to the type and level of service provided is a must. 9. Market Segment: Prices will often vary for different clients. This happens for a few reasons. Some clients require more effort, some are riskier, some are repeat clients, some have jobs you are dying to do, some you wouldn`t want to go near with a stick. Thus these factors must be taken into account while pricing a commodity. Fixed Costs: A cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or service produced. Fixed costs are expenses that have to be paid by a company, independent of business activity. It is one of the two components of the total cost of a good or service, along with variable cost. Fixed costs are defined as expenses that do not change as a function of the activity of a business, within the relevant period. E.g. rent, property tax, insurance, or interest expense. An example of a fixed cost would be a company`s rent on a building. If a company has to pay $10,000 each month to cover the cost of the rent but does not manufacture anything during the month, the rent payment is still due in full. In economics, a business can achieve economies of scale when it produces enough goods to spread fixed costs. For example, the $100,000 lease spread out over 100,000 widgets means that each widget carries with it $1 in fixed costs. If the company produces 200,000 widgets, the fixed cost per unit drops to 50 cents. Variable Costs: A corporate expense that varies with production output. Variable costs are those costs that vary depending on a company`s production volume; they rise as production increases and fall as production decreases. Variable costs differ from fixed costs such as rent, advertising, insurance and office supplies, which tend to remain the same regardless of production output. Variable costs can include direct material costs or direct labor costs necessary to complete a certain project. For example, a company may have variable costs associated with the packaging of one of its products. Conversely, when fewer of these products are sold the costs for packaging will consequently decrease. Marketing Costs: It is the amount of money spent on advertisement, distribution and selling of finished goods in the market. It has components of fixed and variable costs. It is difficult to obtain an estimate of the marketing cost. Hence, it is taken as a percentage of total costs and added to it. Total Costs: Total costs (TC) describes the total economic cost of production and is made up of variable costs, which vary according to the quantity of a good produced and include inputs such as labour and raw materials, plus fixed costs, which are independent of the quantity of goods produced and include (capital) that cannot be varied in the short term, such as buildings and machinery. Total cost in economics includes the total opportunity cost of each factor of production as part of its fixed or variable costs. If one assumes that the unit variable cost is constant, as in cost-volume-profit analysis developed and used in cost accounting by the accountants, then total cost is linear in volume, and given by: total cost = fixed costs + unit variable cost * quantity. Figure 4: Total Cost = Fixed Cost + Variable Cost Revenue: In business, revenue is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time. Profit: It is the difference between a firm`s total revenue and all costs. It is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses. It is the opposite of loss. Profit = Total Revenue – Total Costs Profit is the money a business makes after accounting for all the expenses. Regardless of whether the business is a couple of kids running a lemonade stand or a publicly traded multinational company, consistently earning profit is every company`s goal. The path toward profitability can be long. For example, online bookseller Amazon.com was founded in 1994 and did not produce its first annual profit until 2003. Many startups and new business fail when the owners run out of capital to sustain the business. Profit Before Tax: A profitability measure that looks at a company`s profile before the company has to pay corporate income tax. This measure deducts all expenses from revenue including interest expenses and operating expenses, but it leaves out the payment of tax. This measure combines all the company`s profits before tax, including operating, non-operating, continuing operations and non-continuing operations. PBT exists because tax expense is constantly changing and taking it out helps to give an investor a good idea of changes in a company`s profits or earnings from year to year. 3.2 Data Procurement Data required for analysis * List of Assets * Cost Spent on assets at t=0 * Useful life of each asset * Resale salvage price of each asset * Average repair and maintenance cost per year * Administrative cost per year * Fixed expenses incurred per year like rent, wages etc. * Variable costs involved in rice production * Quantity of rice, bran, husk produced * Unit price of raw material (paddy) and products (rice, bran, husk) The current asset price, useful life and salvage value was provided by Satake. Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.1. Data Description Each asset has a list of the following variables (whichever is applicable) * Quantity * Model type * Capacity * Electrical Rating * Market Price Data required for analysis of Rice Husk Gassifier * List of assets * Cost Spent on assets at t=0 * Useful life of each asset * Resale salvage price of each asset It is obtained from various sites online. Refer: Appendix B, Table 2.1. 3.3 Specifications and Assumptions Some specific data: * Capital Expenditure incurred = Rs. 9,05,04,240 * Capacity of Rice Mill = 4 tons per hour * Maximum Run = 270 days * 16 hours * Annual Requirement of Paddy at installed capacity = Capacity*Maximum Run = 17280 Metric Tonnes per year * The yield of rice is Particulars| Yield Percentage| Annual Yield (in MT)| Raw Rice| 65| 11232| Husk| 21| 3628.80| Broken Rice| 4| 691.20| Rice Bran| 8| 1382.40| Rejected Rice| 1| 172.80| Impurities| 1| 172.80| * Price of Paddy in the market = Rs. 1250 per quintal * Market Price of Raw Rice = Rs. 2000 per quintal * Market Price of Broken Rice = Rs. 1400 per quintal * Market Price of Bran = Rs. 1500 per quintal * Market Price of Husk = Rs. 320 per quintal Assumptions: * The plant is assumed to run for 270 days (approximate value for the rice mill) for calculations pertaining to profitability of rice mill. * The salvage cost is unknown and is taken as 10% of total assets cost. * Quantity of raw rice produced = Quantity of raw rice sold. No inventory is utilized. * No wastage of products and byproducts. 3.4 Solution Approach Payback Period Payback Period Internal Rate of Return Internal Rate of Return Net Present Value Net Present Value Solutions Solutions Net Present Value: * It is the algebraic sum of all cash flows pertaining to the project discounted to present time (t=0) at a chosen rate (i.e. Cost of Capital) NPV= -P+R-DÃâ€"1+in-1i*1+in+SÃâ€"11+in Where, P = Cost of Asset spent at time t=0 R = Revenue Income D = Disbursements S = Resale Stock Salvage Value i = Cost of Capital n = Number of Periods (Useful life of asset) Internal Rate of Return: The internal rate of return on an investment or project is the â€Å"annualized effective compounded return rate† or â€Å"rate of return† that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows (both positive and negative) from a particular investment equal to zero. Payback Period: It is calculated by calculating Cumulative Cash Flow = (Net Cash Flow Year 1 + Net Cash Flow Year 2 + Net Cash Flow Year 3 †¦ etc.) Accumulate by year until Cumulative Cash Flow is a positive number: that year is the payback year. k= ln⠁ ¡(R-DR-D-P*i)ln⠁ ¡(1+i) Where, K = Payback Period P = Cost of Asset spent at time t=0 R = Revenue Income D = Disbursements i = Cost of Capital For calculation of Profit obtained Profit Function = Revenue generated – Cost Incurred Revenue generated = ∑(Qi*pi) Where, Qi = Quantity of commodity i sold per year pi = Unit Price of commodity i in the market Cost Incurred = Fixed Costs (FC) + Variable Costs (VC) Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.3 and Table 1.4. Chapter 4: Results and Discussions ————————————————- Result 1: For initial estimated values of input parameters * Initial Project Cost incurred at t=0 (P) = Rs. 90504240 (Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.2) * Gross Revenue Income (R) = Rs. 266664960/year (Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.4) * Operating Expenditure/ Disbursement (D) = Rs. 223860420/year (Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.3) * Salvage Value /Resale Value (S) = Rs. 6707544, * Useful life of assets (n) = 20 years, * Cost of Capital (i) = 15% Figure 5: Cash Flow Diagram at estimated values of input parameters Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.5. Using engineering economics equations (Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 – Solution Approach), we have found * NPV= -90504240+266664960-2435595801+0.1520-10.15*1+0.1520+6707544[11+0.1520] = Rs. 54529825.06 * IRR = 25.27% at NPV = 0 * Payback period, k= ln(266664960-243559580266664960-243559580-90504240*0.15)ln(1+0.15) = 6.34 years Figure 6: C programme for calculating IRR Refer: Appendix C. This is the C programme return to calculate the IRR of any cash flow correct upto two decimal places. This programme can be used for any type of cash flows. Result 2: The following two graphs depict the relation of Cost of Capital with NPV and Payback Period. Figure 7: Effect of Cost of Capital on NPV Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.6. This graph helps obtain an estimate of the NPV based on the Cost of Capital. In order to get higher NPV, the Cost of Capital should be less. With a variation of 10% in the Cost of Capital, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases substantially from 94 million INR to 22 million INR. Figure 8: Effect of Cost of Capital on Payback Period Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.6 This graph helps obtain the estimate of the Payback period based on the Cost of Capital. In order to get lesser Payback Period, the Cost of Capital should be less. With a variation of 11% in the Cost of Capital, from 10% to 20% the Payback Period increases substantially from 3.56 years to 10.95 years. Discussion: The value of Cost of Capital is varied over a feasible range of 10% to 20% and the corresponding values of NPV and Payback period. If the Cost of Capital decreases, the NPV of the firm increases while the Payback Period of the firm will reduce as expected from the formulae of NPV and Payback Period – Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 – Solution Approach. Result 3: The following two graphs depict the relation of cost of unit amount of paddy (raw material cost) with NPV and IRR. 1 Unit = 1 Quintal Figure 9: Effect of unit Paddy Price on NPV Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.7. This graph helps obtain an estimate of the NPV based on the cost of unit amount of paddy. The graph shows more or less a linear variation as expected. In order to get higher NPV, the cost of raw material should be less. A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 million INR to -216 million INR, when the price of paddy varies from 1000 INR per quintal to 1500 INR per quintal, keeping all other market price and other factors constant. In India, the Government of India fixes the minimum paddy price to save the interests of the farmers. So, if the price of the paddy goes above 1300 INR per quintal, the firm will not be beneficial at all instead will start incurring a loss. Figure 10: Effect of unit Paddy Price on IRR Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.7 In the graph the effect on IRR for different unit price of Paddy is shown. As the price of paddy increases from 1000 INR per quintal to 1350 INR per quintal, the IRR decreases substantially from 73.26% to 2.99% in eight uniform steps. Discussion: For a fixed market price of Raw Rice, NPV and IRR decreases substantially with increase in unit price of Paddy. This is an obvious conclusion from the NPV equation – Refer Chapter 3, section 3.4 – Solution Approach. As the unit price of paddy rises, the operating cost also starts increasing thus our annuity per year will decrease. With decrease in NPV and IRR, the payback period also increases. Result 4: In the following two graphs the unit price of Raw Rice (product) is varied to see the effect on the NPV and IRR. 1 Unit = 1 Quintal Figure 11: Effect of unit Raw Rice Price on IRR Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.8 This graph helps obtain the NPV of the firm based on the unit market price of Raw Rice. As the unit market price of Raw Rice increases, the Gross Revenue Income increases substantially which leads to increase in NPV. This graph shows linear variation with unit price of Raw Rice as expected. A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from -191.5 million INR to -441.2 million INR, when the price of raw rice varies from 1650 INR per quintal to 2550 INR per quintal, keeping all other market price and other factors constant. With 1% increase in the unit market price of Raw Rice, the NPV of the firm increases substantially by 25.784%. If the unit market price of Raw Rice is above 1920 INR per quintal, the firm will be beneficial and below that price it will be running in loss. Figure 12: Effect of unit Raw Rice Price on IRR Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.8 In the graph, the variation of IRR for different unit market price of Raw Rice is studied. The unit market price of Raw Rice is varied in a feasible range of 1850 INR to 2550 INR, to estimate the effect on IRR. The IRR of the firm increases substantially from 3.71% to 93.79% in twelve uniform steps. This happens because as the unit market price of Raw Rice increases, the gross revenue income also increases which increases the IRR of the firm and reduce the payback period. Discussion: The unit market price of Raw Rice is required to estimate the profit that can be earned. As the unit price of Raw Rice increases, the gross revenue income increases and thus the NPV and IRR of the firm increases substantially. If the revenue increases, the payback period of the firm will reduce. If the unit market price falls beyond a certain point i.e. 1920 INR per quintal, the firm will start incurring loss. These graphs help in setting competitive market price of Raw Rice. Result 5: The following two graphs show the effect of unit market price of Bran (byproduct) on the NPV and IRR of the firm. 1 Unit = 1 Quintal Figure 13: Effect of unit Bran Price on NPV Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.9 This graph helps obtain the NPV of the firm based on the unit market price of Bran. The NPV of the firm increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR in fifteen equal steps assuming 50 INR hike in unit market price of Bran at every step. This graph shows linear variation with unit price of Raw Rice as expected. With 1% increase in the unit market price of Bran, the NPV of the firm increases substantially by 2.38%. Figure 14: Effect of unit Bran Price on IRR Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.9 Since with the increase in the unit market price of Bran the NPV of the firm increases, therefore IRR of the firm also increases. With 1% increase in the unit price of Bran the IRR increases about 0.24%. This graph shows more or less a linear variation. The IRR of the firm increases from 17.20% to 40.76% as the price of Bran increases from 1000 INR per quintal to 2500 INR per quintal. Discussion: The unit market price of Bran, a byproduct, also has substantial effect on gross revenue income as it forms 8% part of the total outcome which is about 1382.40 Metric tons. Today market price of Bran is about 1500 INR per quintal through which 20.736 million INR revenue is generated per year. Since, an increase in unit market price of Bran increases the gross revenue income, the NPV and IRR of the firm also increases. With increase in revenue, the payback period of the firm decreases. Result 6: Figure 15: Effect of Salvage on NPV Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.10 Figure 16: Percentage change in NPV with percentage change in Salvage Value Refer: Appendix A, Table 1.10 Basic Assumption: Salvage value is hard to define as it is the future value of 20 years down the line from now. Hence it is assumed to be certain percentage of the total assets cost. It is assumed to be 10% of the total assets cost incurred and is discounted to today’s value at a rate of 15% to find the Net Present Value of the firm. The salvage value can vary over a range of 5% to 20% of the total assets cost. The NPV changes from -0.5% to 0.75% i.e. from 54.32 million INR to 54.94 million INR by changing the salvage value by -5% to 10% i.e. from 5% to 20% of the total assets cost. Discussion: The NPV of the firm doesn’t increases substantially with increase in the salvage value of the assets. The graph shows a straight line variation as expected. With 1% increase in salvage value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the assumed resale value of the assets change in the future, it will not affect the calculations done in this case study for the profitability analysis of Jay Laxmi Rice mill. Result 7: The following two graphs will help in assessing the economy of generating electricity from husk (by product) using Rice Husk Gassifier. Figure 17: Effect of percentage of Total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier on NPV Refer: Appendix B, Table 2.3 The graph shows that the NPV of the firm increases linearly as the amount of electricity produced by the husk Gasifier increases as expected. The NPV of the firm increases from 51 million INR to 89 million INR as the amount of electricity that is substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of total electricity requirement. The minimum amount of total electricity that should be produced from husk so that the firm has the same NPV as before implanting the husk gasifier is 68.8% Figure 18: Effect of percentage of Total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier on IRR Refer: Appendix B, Table 2.3 This graph shows the variation of the IRR of the firm with respect to the percentage of the total electricity requirement that is substituted by Rice Husk Gasifier. The graph shows an expected linear increase in IRR as the amount of electricity produced by the husk Gasifier increases. The IRR of the firm increases from 24.52% to 31.32% as the amount of electricity that is substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier increases from 65% to 100% of total electricity requirement. Discussion: To be economic at least 68.8% electricity requirement needs to be generated from Husk Gasifier i.e. the minimum amount of total electricity requirement that should be substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier so that the firm profit as before setting up of the Rice Husk Gasifier. If the amount of electricity produced is more than this amount than the plant will earn more profit than before but if it is less, then the rice husk gasifier should not be set up, because the plant will be earning less than before. The plant may be beneficial but will be in loss as comparison to the current scenario. The following figure 19 shows the cash flow diagram when 68.8% of electricity requirement is generated from Husk Gasifier. Figure 19: Cash Flow diagram with Rice Husk Gasifier Refer: Appendix 8, Table 2.2 Chapter 5: Summary and Conclusions ————————————————- 5.1 Summary The main aim of this study was was to analyze the Jay Laxmi Rice Mill, Bazpur in Udham Singh Nagar district in the state of Uttarakhand, from its business point of view. It has a nominal capacity of 4000kg/hr. It has been built for the production of raw rice. Some estimates were required to analyze its profitability. The economic analysis of the project was carried out using engineering economics equations. The sensitivity of NPV, IRR and Payback period with respect to various factors like Cost of Capital, paddy price, raw rice price, bran price and salvage were studied. Also the economy assessing of generating electricity from husk (by product) using Rice Husk Gassifier was done. The minimum electricity requirement that needs to be generated from Rice Husk Gasifier for economic purposes was calculated. The following conclusions are drawn from the study: * For initial estimated values of input parameters (P = Rs. 90504240, R = Rs. 266664960/year, D= Rs. 223860420/year, S = Rs. 6707544, n = 20 years, i = 15%) * NPV = Rs. 54529825.06 * IRR = 25.27% * Payback period = 6.34 years * With a variation of 10% in the Cost of Capital, from 11% to 20% the NPV decreases substantially from 94 million INR to 22 million INR and Payback Period increases from 4.03 increases to 10.95 years. * A large variation could be seen in the NPV i.e. from 324 million INR to -53.5 million INR, when the price of paddy varies from 1000 INR per quintal to 1350 INR per quintal while IRR increases from 73.26% to 2.99%. * NPV increases from -50.9 million INR to -441.2 million INR and IRR increases from 3.71% to 93.79%, when the price of raw rice varies from 1850 INR per quintal to 2550 INR per quintal. * As the price of Bran increases from 1000 INR per quintal to 2500 INR per quintal, the NPV and IRR of the firm increases from 11.27 million INR to 141 million INR and 17.20% to 40.76% respectively. * With 1% increase in salvage value the NPV increase by 0.075%. This increase in the NPV is negligible, therefore, even if the assumed resale value of the assets change in the future, it will not affect the calculations done in this case study for the profitability analysis of Jay Laxmi Rice mill. * To be economic at least 68.8% electricity requirement needs to be generated from Husk Gasifier i.e. the minimum amount of total electricity requirement that should be substituted by the Rice Husk Gasifier so that the firm profit as before setting up of the Rice Husk Gasifier. References ————————————————- * James L. Riggs 2004, Engineering Economics, 4th edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Private Limited, pp 67-147. * Chandra P. 2011, Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11th edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill Education Private Limited, pp 150-167. * T. Kapur, T. C. Kandpal and H. P. Garg, Electricity Generation from Rice Husk in Indian Rice Mills: Potential and Financial Viability, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi (1995). * Alexis Belonio, Victoriano Ocon, and Antonio Co, Garbage-In Fuel-Out: Small-Scale Rice Husk Gasifier Plant for Community Street Lighting, Suki Trading Corporation, Philippines (2011). * Email from Gaurav Vashisht (gaurav@satakeindia.com) working at Satake, kolkata.